Import, Export, and Convert Data Files

The idea behind rio is to simplify the process of importing data into R and exporting data from R. This process is, probably unnecessarily, extremely complex for beginning R users. Indeed, R supplies an entire manual describing the process of data import/export. And, despite all of that text, most of the packages described are (to varying degrees) out-of-date. Faster, simpler, packages with fewer dependencies have been created for many of the file types described in that document. rio aims to unify data I/O (importing and exporting) into two simple functions: import() and export() so that beginners (and experienced R users) never have to think twice (or even once) about the best way to read and write R data.

The core advantage of rio is that it makes assumptions that the user is probably willing to make. Specifically, rio uses the file extension of a file name to determine what kind of file it is. This is the same logic used by Windows OS, for example, in determining what application is associated with a given file type. By taking away the need to manually match a file type (which a beginner may not recognize) to a particular import or export function, rio allows almost all common data formats to be read with the same function.

By making import and export easy, it’s an obvious next step to also use R as a simple data conversion utility. Transferring data files between various proprietary formats is always a pain and often expensive. The convert function therefore combines import and export to easily convert between file formats (thus providing a FOSS replacement for programs like Stat/Transfer or Sledgehammer).

Supported file formats

rio supports a variety of different file formats for import and export. To keep the package slim, all non-essential formats are supported via “Suggests” packages, which are not installed (or loaded) by default. To ensure rio is fully functional, install these packages the first time you use rio via:

install_formats()

The full list of supported formats is below:

Name Extensions / “format” Import Package Export Package Type Note
Archive files (handled by tar) bzip2 / xz / tar utils utils Default
Gzip files gz / gzip base base Default
Zip files zip utils utils Default
CSVY (CSV + YAML metadata header) csvy data.table data.table Default
Comma-separated data csv data.table data.table Default
Comma-separated data (European) csv2 data.table data.table Default
Data Interchange Format dif utils Default
Epiinfo epiinfo / rec foreign Default
Excel excel / xlsx readxl writexl Default
Excel (Legacy) xls readxl Default
Fixed-width format data fwf utils utils Default
Fortran data fortran utils Default No recognized extension
Google Sheets googlesheets data.table Default As comma-separated data
Minitab minitab / mtp foreign Default
Pipe-separated data psv data.table data.table Default
R syntax r base base Default
SAS sas / sas7bdat haven haven Default Export is deprecated
SAS XPORT xport / xpt haven haven Default
SPSS sav / spss haven haven Default
SPSS (compressed) zsav haven haven Default
SPSS Portable por haven Default
Saved R objects rda / rdata base base Default
Serialized R objects rds base base Default
Stata dta / stata haven haven Default
Systat syd / systat foreign Default
Tab-separated data / tsv / txt data.table data.table Default
Text Representations of R Objects dump base base Default
Weka Attribute-Relation File Format arff / weka foreign foreign Default
XBASE database files dbf foreign foreign Default
Apache Arrow (Parquet) parquet arrow arrow Suggest
Clipboard clipboard clipr clipr Suggest default is tsv
EViews eviews / wf1 hexView Suggest
Fast Storage fst fst fst Suggest
Feather R/Python interchange format feather arrow arrow Suggest
Graphpad Prism pzfx pzfx pzfx Suggest
HTML Tables htm / html xml2 xml2 Suggest
JSON json jsonlite jsonlite Suggest
Matlab mat / matlab rmatio rmatio Suggest
OpenDocument Spreadsheet ods readODS readODS Suggest
OpenDocument Spreadsheet (Flat) fods readODS readODS Suggest
Serialized R objects (Quick) qs qs qs Suggest
Shallow XML documents xml xml2 xml2 Suggest
YAML yaml / yml yaml yaml Suggest

Additionally, any format that is not supported by rio but that has a known R implementation will produce an informative error message pointing to a package and import or export function. Unrecognized formats will yield a simple “Unrecognized file format” error.

Data Import

rio allows you to import files in almost any format using one, typically single-argument, function. import() infers the file format from the file’s extension and calls the appropriate data import function for you, returning a simple data.frame. This works for any for the formats listed above.

library("rio")

x <- import("mtcars.csv")
y <- import("mtcars.rds")
z <- import("mtcars.dta")

# confirm identical
all.equal(x, y, check.attributes = FALSE)
## [1] TRUE
all.equal(x, z, check.attributes = FALSE)
## [1] TRUE

If for some reason a file does not have an extension, or has a file extension that does not match its actual type, you can manually specify a file format to override the format inference step. For example, we can read in a CSV file that does not have a file extension by specifying csv:

head(import("mtcars_noext", format = "csv"))
##    mpg cyl disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
## 1 21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
## 2 21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
## 3 22.8   4  108  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
## 4 21.4   6  258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
## 5 18.7   8  360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
## 6 18.1   6  225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1

Importing Data Lists

Sometimes you may have multiple data files that you want to import. import() only ever returns a single data frame, but import_list() can be used to import a vector of file names into R. This works even if the files are different formats:

str(import_list(dir()), 1)

Similarly, some single-file formats (e.g. Excel Workbooks, Zip directories, HTML files, etc.) can contain multiple data sets. Because import() is type safe, always returning a data frame, importing from these formats requires specifying a which argument to import() to dictate which data set (worksheet, file, table, etc.) to import (the default being which = 1). But import_list() can be used to import all (or only a specified subset, again via which) of data objects from these types of files.

Data Export

The export capabilities of rio are somewhat more limited than the import capabilities, given the availability of different functions in various R packages and because import functions are often written to make use of data from other applications and it never seems to be a development priority to have functions to export to the formats used by other applications. That said, rio currently supports the following formats:

library("rio")

export(mtcars, "mtcars.csv")
export(mtcars, "mtcars.rds")
export(mtcars, "mtcars.dta")

It is also easy to use export() as part of an R pipeline (from magrittr or dplyr). For example, the following code uses export() to save the results of a simple data transformation:

library("magrittr")
mtcars %>%
  subset(hp > 100) %>%
  aggregate(. ~ cyl + am, data = ., FUN = mean) %>%
  export(file = "mtcars2.dta")

Some file formats (e.g., Excel workbooks, Rdata files) can support multiple data objects in a single file. export() natively supports output of multiple objects to these types of files:

# export to sheets of an Excel workbook
export(list(mtcars = mtcars, iris = iris), "multi.xlsx")
# export to an .Rdata file
## as a named list
export(list(mtcars = mtcars, iris = iris), "multi.rdata")

## as a character vector
export(c("mtcars", "iris"), "multi.rdata")

It is also possible to use the new (as of v0.6.0) function export_list() to write a list of data frames to multiple files using either a vector of file names or a file pattern:

export_list(list(mtcars = mtcars, iris = iris), "%s.tsv")

File Conversion

The convert() function links import() and export() by constructing a dataframe from the imported file and immediately writing it back to disk. convert() invisibly returns the file name of the exported file, so that it can be used to programmatically access the new file.

Because convert() is just a thin wrapper for import() and export(), it is very easy to use. For example, we can convert

# create file to convert
export(mtcars, "mtcars.dta")

# convert Stata to SPSS
convert("mtcars.dta", "mtcars.sav")

convert() also accepts lists of arguments for controlling import (in_opts) and export (out_opts). This can be useful for passing additional arguments to import or export methods. This could be useful, for example, for reading in a fixed-width format file and converting it to a comma-separated values file:

# create an ambiguous file
fwf <- tempfile(fileext = ".fwf")
cat(file = fwf, "123456", "987654", sep = "\n")

# see two ways to read in the file
identical(import(fwf, widths = c(1, 2, 3)), import(fwf, widths = c(1, -2, 3)))
## [1] FALSE
# convert to CSV
convert(fwf, "fwf.csv", in_opts = list(widths = c(1, 2, 3)))
import("fwf.csv") # check conversion
##   V1 V2  V3
## 1  1 23 456
## 2  9 87 654

With metadata-rich file formats (e.g., Stata, SPSS, SAS), it can also be useful to pass imported data through characterize() or factorize() when converting to an open, text-delimited format: characterize() converts a single variable or all variables in a data frame that have “labels” attributes into character vectors based on the mapping of values to value labels (e.g., export(characterize(import("file.dta")), "file.csv")). An alternative approach is exporting to CSVY format, which records metadata in a YAML-formatted header at the beginning of a CSV file.

It is also possible to use rio on the command-line by calling Rscript with the -e (expression) argument. For example, to convert a file from Stata (.dta) to comma-separated values (.csv), simply do the following:

Rscript -e "rio::convert('mtcars.dta', 'mtcars.csv')"